Revenge Cycle

Revenge has the definition of taking vengeance for injuries or wrongs; retaliation. In the Hamlet, the main theme is that when people follow plans of revenge, it leads to tragedy. Throughout the play, several different people want to take revenge on somebody. Hamlet is a main character who is being asked to take revenge on his uncle to fulfill his duty as a son. Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a revenge tragedy because Laertes and Fortinbras and Hamlet seek to avenge a family death, in most cases the death of their father and in all but one case leads to their own tragic death. Hamlet’s revenge for his father leads to his own death at the end. Hamlet’s father, the old king Hamlet appeared in the form of the ghost in the beginning of the play. The ghost told Hamlet that his father had been killed by the current king who is the uncle of Hamlet, the current husband of Hamlet’s mother. Believe it or not every ghost in the world can only have the same action, revenge. â€Å"You can never know with certainty which ghost is addressing whom. It is one and the same thing for Hamlet to question his own identity and to question the ghost’s identity, and his authority† (Girard 3). The prince of Denmark, Hamlet, wants to avenge the current King of Denmark, his uncle, who killed Hamlet’s father, the old King, in order to take the crown and marry Hamlet’s mother. When trying to revenge his father by killing his Uncle, Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius, the father of Hamlet’s friend Laertes and his beloved Ophelia. In the process of revenging his father, Hamlet in some way caused the death of many innocent people. Hamlet, again, is less remorseful about killing Polonius than annoyed with Polonius for not being Claudius, and seems genuinely bewildered that Laertes should be hostile to him†(Frye 3). With the tragic loss of her father, as well as her recent messiness of her relationship with Hamlet, Ophelia becomes insane and committed suicide by drowning herself. Now, Laertes wants revenge for his father and sister during a fencing game by poisoning the tip of the sword. If that does not work, King Claudius will have a glass of wine with poison in it that Hamlet would drink from. Laertes goes mad in a different fashion and becomes the model of the kind of revenger that Hamlet so disdains† (Rose 5). Laertes kills Hamlet successfully but Hamlet’s mother dies accidentally by drinking the poisoned wine. â€Å"The drink, the drink. Oh, I’m poisoned† (5. 2 45-52). And Hamlet finally fulfills the ghost’s quest and killed Claudius, the murderer of his father. Hamlet himself dies at the end. There is still a son seeking revenge for his father that we might forget. The young Fortinbras of Norway is secretly planning to invade Denmark. The tragedy that the old king caused was when he killed Old Norway in during the war. Denmark and Norway has been in war when old Hamlet is still alive, the old king killed old Fortinbras and took over some of Norway’s land. â€Å"The old Hamlet, the murderer himself, in the various sources of the play there may be indications to that essect, but Shakespeare would have omitted them if he had wanted to strengthen the case for revenge†. (Girard 3) Young Fortinbras is seeking revenge for his father’s death and the loss of his country. By the time the army of Norway arrives Denmark, everyone in the palace dies except Horatio. Young Fortinbras becomes the king of Denmark and fulfills his duty to avenge his father’s death as well. Although all the revengers took their action of seeking vengeance for their father, the only difference is that both Laertes and Young Fortinbras is that Hamlet didn’t take revenge when he had chance. Instead, he waited and waited and losing his better chances to kill Claudius. Hamlet is a revenge tragedy, but let’s rather calls it a revenge cycle. Polonius, murdered by Hamlet by accident and avenged by his son. Hamlet’s father, murdered by King Claudius and avenged by his son as well. This comes again in the story of the old Fortinbras and the young Frotinbras of Norway, the father slain by Hamlet’s father during the war. The son achieved a successful revenge by taking the throne of Denmark. Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a revenge tragedy because most of the characters in the play try to seek revenge on someone and leads to all the deaths except one case.

3 Idiots Essay

3 Idiots is a bollywood film that released worldwide on 25th December 2009. It was produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra and directed by Rajkumar Hirani. The film has three actors playing the lead roles, hence the film is named 3 Idiots. The three lead actors are: Aamir Khan, Sharman Joshi and R Madhavan. These three are the brilliant students of their respective high schools. While Boman Irani portrays the role of the college director of the college which these three students join after graduating from their high schools. Also, there is a small role played by Kareena Kapoor. She is the leading lady of the film and plays the role of the director’s daughter. The film displays the importance of learning and education in our lives. The film deals with the education system in India and how the students are unable to cope up to the pressure because of the excessive amounts of exams and assignments. 3 Idiots is a story of three bright students who have acquired a GPA of 10.00 (on a scale of 10.00) in their high schools. They enter the most prestigious college for engineering in India: The Imperial College of Engineering. Rancho is a character played by Aamir Khan. He loves machines and that is the reason he wants to pursue mechanical engineering. Raju, the character played by Sharman Joshi doesn’t live life to the fullest. He is scared of the assignments and exams. He wants to work very hard and get a good job as he comes from a poor family and he is the only one to support his family. Farhan is the name of the character played by R Madhavan. Farhan wants to be a wildlife photographer but he joins the college of engineering because his father wants him to be a mechanical engineering as he has very good grades in his school. While Viru Sahastrabuddhe is the director of the college which is played by Boman Irani. Viru is a very strict professor and maintains his pressure upon his students. There is an incident in the film which shows that a student commits suicide because he doesn’t provide sufficient time to him for completing the project. The students are unable to take such pressure and they believe that it’s time for them to end their life. This is a true situation and such pressure exists in most of the colleges in India. Rancho loves engineering so he doesn’t have problems with the exams and assignments. While Raju and Farhan are unable to get good grades as they feel the pressure of the education system. Rancho asks Farhan to change his field of study from engineering to wildlife photography as Farhan always wanted to become a wildlife photographer. He advises Raju to  put away his fear and it would help him to succeed in his exams. In the third year of engineering recruiters hire students. Viru says that Raju and Farhan would only be able to get the jobs only when they pass with good grades in the final exam. To purposely fail them he sets the paper himself, increasing the difficulty level. Viru’s daughter Pia comes to know about this, so she informs Rancho. Rancho tries to steal the paper and is caught by the director. He decided to rusticate all the three for their act. Pia informs his father about the real reason that took her brother’s life. Viru thought that his son had died in a car accident but later he comes to know that he committed suicide as he didn’t want to pursue engineering. He was forced by his father to become an engineer while he wanted to study literature. This is the reason why he committed suicide. Knowing this truth he decides not to rusticate the three students. This film is based on a novel by Chetan Bhagat titled Five Point Someone- What Not To Do At IIT. Bhagat’s novel also involves the same three lead characters but with different names. The title of the novel â€Å"Five Point Someone† is based on the five point scale which is used to calculate the GPA at the Indian Institute of Technology. Chetan Bhagat is being regarded as the ‘biggest selling English author in India’s history’ (Chandrakar). Chetan Bhagat feels very proud t hat his book and his message have received a wider audience because of the film. People nowadays are less likely to read a book. So, the message of the author is spread throughout the world where the film would be released. Chetan Bhagat is a prominent Indian writer who has written several other bestselling novels such as 2 States, One Night at a Call Center and 3 Mistakes of My Life. All of these are being made into different movies. The film 3 Idiots finely portrays the education system of India by showing exactly what happens with the students of a particular engineering college. Students have to cope up with high amounts of pressure to pass the exams. Committing suicide is not a solution to the problem, but fighting against the system to improve it can solve the problem to a certain extent. This film shows that Rancho argues with the director to make him understand that the way of teaching is incorrect and he blames the system for this. During an academic year students have several exams to take which involves vast syllabuses and also projects need to be completed within a short span of time. The film also motivates people to study what they like and not what  their parents would ask them to. The director of the film makes an effort to display the critical condition of the education system of India in the form of a brilliant movie which is entertaining and a lso sends an important message out to the viewers.

HOW HAS CHINA'S OUTWARD FDI DEVELOPED AND WHAT BUSINESS STATEGIES DOES Essay

HOW HAS CHINA'S OUTWARD FDI DEVELOPED AND WHAT BUSINESS STATEGIES DOES IT SERVE - Essay Example Since the establishment of this law, China has developed from a country with small reference for outward FDI, to an influential emerging nation. The development of China’s FDI policies can be divided into three phases; the first phase took place between 1979 to 1992, the second phase took place between 1993 to 2001, while the third phase has been ongoing since 2002. 1979 to 1992: Special economic zones. During this period, the joint venture law was enacted, followed by a number of accompanying laws aimed at directing the management and taxation of the Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs). The initial four Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were also established and this played a very significant role in encouraging the inflow of technology, managerial expertise, skills, and foreign investment. The government of China encouraged inflow of foreign investment into the special economic zones by offering a number of conveniences and special support in taxes. For example, the special econo mic zones enjoyed lower corporate income tax compared to other regions in China and additional tax holidays together with the FIEs, compared to those that the national tax legislation offered. Zheng (2013) points out that on top of the tax incentives, the government further broke down and rationalized official and conventional procedures, consequently reducing FIEs operation costs further. More SEZs were created, while the initial three Open Economic Zones were established in 1985, followed by others in the years that followed. 1993 to 2001: Transition period. China experienced a growth of its outward FDI between 1992 and 1993 (Zheng, 2013). As this happened, the government of China opened more cities to the outside world. Sectors such as finance, shipping, real estate, and domestic retail where foreign investment was previously forbidden were opened up to foreign investors. However, China suffered a reduction in the investment boom in 1994, due to unfavorable macroeconomic conditio ns, and despite the fact that the economy began to recover after this, it again fell due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Consequently, FIEs suffered lack of profitability, which was further exacerbated by the re-imposition of materials, equipment and machinery duties in 1995. The duty imposition policy was corrected in 1997 and foreign investment guidelines for industries were released by the state council in 1995 (Zheng, 2013). This was followed by division of industries into forbidden, restricted, or encouraged depending on their FDI status. Constant updating of the guidelines has taken place over the years mainly to promote environmental protection, encourage resource conservation, introduce advanced technology, and maintain a balance in regional economic development (Zheng, 2013). 2002 to present: Going global. After China’s acceptance into the World Trade Organization, there was an improvement in its inward FDI. This influenced the nation in becoming the number one d estination for foreign investment worldwide. In addition to this, the nation has also become a demanding source of outward FDI. This has been as a result of stimulation of outward FDI, high prices of goods, and the rapid economic growth within China. At the beginning of the twenty first century, the nation introduced a

Strategy mapping & the learning and growth perspective Essay

Strategy mapping & the learning and growth perspective - Essay Example There has been a significant revolution in the business environment attributed to formulation and implementation of strategy mapping. On the other hand, prosperity in process of formulating and implementing strategy mapping in organizations has been facilitated by application or incorporation of Balance Scorecards In this case, strategy mapping has been applied in processes of facilitating learning and growth in various organizations, while balance scorecard is used in implementation and evaluation process (Sharma, 2012). Nevertheless, this paper explains processes involved in formulation and implementation of strategy mapping, its relation to performance management, thereby establishing value propositions; in fact, this discussion will be established theoretically. The ultimate purpose of implementing strategy mapping in an organization is to bridge learning and growth gap. In this case, strategy mapping offers sets of guidelines, which facilitate increased performance management in an organization. Besides, Armitage and Scholey (2006) explain that strategy mapping offers these guidelines in a systematic format. Strategy mapping has also been considered a reference, based on four principle interest groups. Strategy mapping based on learning and growth point of view resonates around employee capabilities and other success factors. In this case, Sharma (2012) explains that employees’ capabilities relate to their levels of skills, access to transactions, continuous training and development programs. In addition, it also focuses on employee satisfaction, which has been regarded as precondition for facilitating employee productivity and level of quality in services offered to customers. Other growth factors facilitated by strategy mapping include information system capabilities, motivation and empowerment of employees in an organization (Sharma, 2012). Numerous organizations have been seeking guidance and directives to supplement effort required in implement ation of maps and scorecards. Therefore, strategic mapping and Balance Scorecards has become solutions to organizations’ problems, whereby they serves as a bridge between theories gathered from different literature and processes of implementation. On the other hand, other organizations are seeking certain consultants, which can offer benefits based on framework in strategic mapping guidelines. Furthermore, Armitage and Scholey (2006) assert that other organizations stand chance of benefiting from strategic mapping by becoming consultants. Strategy mapping facilitates communication of strategies in organizations, given that they provide guidelines, which in turn describe model applied in implementation process. The strategy map developed through this model is helpful to managers in organization (National Institute of Standards & Technology [NIST], 2012). In this case, these strategy maps become solutions to problems faced in processes of executing a strategy. Besides, these ma ps help organizations to attain desired results, through a substantially developed strategy meant to improve and align various functions in an organization. Some of these functions include, strategy planning, budgeting, compensating employees and monitoring their performance (Armitage & Scholey, 2006). In addition, strategic mapping offers ways to improve chances of implementing learning and growth strategies in organizations in order to facilitate effective operating and financial performance. Nonetheless, this paper will also focus on conducting analysis, which presents actual comparison and contrast between BAA’

Diversity in the Office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity in the Office - Essay Example This essay "Diversity in The Office" illustrates how is the workplace a confluence of cultures. The structures and processes within the organization that should be examined are the front desk management and the accounts department with the special interest in the public relation personnel data systems along with the basic working force available and are quite effective while confronting the confluence of cultures. The front desk management would be in focus because the public relation personnel is on the top hierarchy of that department and accounts is logically related to the public relation department. It should be looked into the fact is the public relation personnel is soft on the issue and furthermore, it should be noted whether accounts back office evaluation team if following all the instruction laid down by the Health Department. However, these measures are applicable for the entire workforce of the departments in the hospital. (Klare, 2006, 132) B. How can the dynamics of communication between people who see each other without empathy become more effective? The dynamics of communication between people who see each other without empathy become more effective because in such a situation the parties are strictly and chiefly confined to the matter of work and its work ethics. Here the outer bounds are executed with clinical perceptions without any emotion involvement. This makes the work much easier for the employees as they are able to concentrate on the job itself and thus the job becomes the priory make the end result count better.

Final draft of Rhertorical Analysis Eassy Assignment

Final draft of Rhertorical Analysis Eassy - Assignment Example lenging for the academicians, psychologists, politicians, and judiciary as it involves both human aspirations and the societal onus as to how to legally systematize same-sex marriages. The issue of same sex marriage is a topic that will always garner controversies as it is utterly difficult to come out with a consensual perspective with regards to the myriad social, ethical, philosophical, religious and legal aspects related to it. According to a nationwide study conducted by the University of Queensland, given the choice, 54 percent of the same sex partners are prepared to get married while 80 percent of Australians who are maintaining same-sex relationship will advocate such marriages even if they do not wish to marry. There are many legal benefits for married couples and they are even more important for same- sex couples, since they experience denial of legal rights because of social prejudices (12 Reasons Why Marriage Equality Matters, n.d.). There are other cultural and social benefits, like each partner will feel more responsible towards the other. Moreover, it has been seen that if legal recognition is not given to same- sex marriages then it can have adver se impact on the physical and mental health of the partners involved. Social discrimination can lead to severe depression and lower self-esteem among gay and lesbian people. Such cases are more common among the young LGBTs who become prone towards running away from home, substance abuse, and suicidal tendencies (Renzetti & Edleson, 2008, p.337). Personally speaking, it is an emphatic assertion that homosexuals need not be subjected to any kind of discriminations and should be accepted with open arms within the society, because being a homosexual is completely natural and harmless. As per the existent academic and scientific inputs, being a homosexual is not an ethical or moral choice, but is something that is innate and natural to any individual. Hence, a person should not be prejudiced against and

Provide an in-depth analysis of the Gong Lum v. Rice case Study

Provide an in-depth analysis of the Gong Lum v. Rice - Case Study Example Bayor asserts that Lum was denied a chance at Rosedale Consolidated High School because of her Chinese descent (45). This was in favor of the White students, who were allowed in this high school. The defendants in the case were responsible for her racial exclusion from the learning institution. The defendant included the Mississippi state superintendent, the board of trustees of the school, and Rice. The petitioners of the case indicate that there was no school that catered for the students of Chinese descent. The constitution of Mississippi stipulates that a common school fund should be available in every county to cater for the student needs. The fund ought to constitute of the taxation obtained from the public contributions and the apportionments from the treasury department. This fund is meant to support schools for four months. The plea of the case is based on the breach of this requirement of the constitution. This is because Rosedale Consolidated High School was an appropriate school for Martha Lum. More to that, her father was a taxpayer who also helped to support the running of the school as stipulated in the legislative document. This implied that denying her the right to attend and learn in Rosedale high school was tantamount to racial discrimination, which was not allowed by Mississippi’s constitution. In essence, the fact that Martha was educable is substantial for her to be allowed to progress in her education and career. According to Dickson, it is Martha’s constitutional right to access education given that she was not a member of the colored race (67). The colored race, especially Mongolians, was verboten in the Mississippi County. The court ruled that a writ of mandamus be invoked according to the petition filed to stop the hindering of Martha attending the school. The appeal of the defendants against the ruling of the supreme court of Mississippi culminated in a stern directive by the

Teamwork in companies and corporate change Research Paper

Teamwork in companies and corporate change - Research Paper Example In short, individuals will get more freedom and flexibility in their works in organizations where team work prevails. â€Å"The main characteristic feature of the team is synergy through which team members act together and achieve better results than if they perform alone or in other organizational forms†(Petrov, 2010, p.91). While working in a team, individuals get more support from his team members and therefore his jobs stress will be considerably reduced. Reduced job stress will increases his performances and productivity. Another major advantage of team work is the â€Å"creation of a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts, because synergy pools individual talents and efforts to create extraordinary results† (Judeh, 2011, p.203). 1+1 = 2 is correct in Mathematics; but in business 1+1>2 because of the possibility of extraordinary results teamwork can generate in an organization. While working as part of a team, the members may deliver more than 100% of their efficiency. Sheng & Tinag (2010) have pointed out that â€Å"employees would have more loyalty and ties to those in groups working with them as a team because they could have immediate feedback from these people† (Sheng & Tinag, 2010, p.1297). Man is a social animal and he dislikes individual work. Nobody wants to work in a lonely atmosphere in which no communication occurs or no support received. While working in groups or teams, he gets enough opportunities for communication and therefore his capabilities will come out automatically. In this article, Bob Frisch point out some of the major drawbacks of teamwork along with the benefits of teamwork. In his opinion, even though the employees in a team will get more freedom and flexibility in their works, the chances of increased blaming of the individual employees cannot be ruled out. Team work also helps to have assertive conversations, give and receive feedback, and

United Nations Global Compact Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Nations Global Compact - Research Paper Example Two principles which will be discussed in this memo are principle 1 and 10 i.e. dealing with human rights as well as the corruption. Principle 1 of the Initiative basically indicates that the firms should support and protect the internationally proclaimed human rights. Principle 10 however deals with the corruption and makes it important for the firms not to engage in any kind of corruption including bribery and extortion.1 Considering the above principles, our firm therefore is willing to offer its sincere recommendations and suggestions in this regard. We therefore propose that the corporate members of this local network group must evolve a clear understanding of what are some of the expectations from members while following the initiative besides ensuring that all the firms comply with the regulations at various levels rather than ignoring them at one stage and complying with them on the other. This would ensure that the principles are followed in their true spirit by all. Our firm strongly believes in these principles and has endeavored to inculcate them into our organizational culture in a manner that will ensure the compliance with all the principles. Our experience however, also suggests that the firms or partners whom we work with may not be in complete compliance with the principles outlined in Global Compact Initiative. As such it becomes our implied responsibility to ensure that all the stakeholders truly understand the relative significance of these principles. Further, the business implications for compliance of these principles can be relatively difficult because companies cannot effectively influence their partners who may be involved in violation of any of the above principles. Our experience with our partners in countries like Bangladesh also indicates that our suppliers engage into activities such as paying low wage rates, offering bribes to officials for getting approvals, having poor

Historical and cultural context Essay Example for Free

Historical and cultural context Essay All three of these stories create strange but similar atmospheres. Three similarities that these stories have is that they all took place around the 1880s/1890s,all three stories in the beginning always take place at 221B Baker Street, and all three stories seem to take place in and out of Victorian London. The mystery of The Red-Headed League takes place mainly around Victorian London and is described as very busy, crowded and swarming full of pedestrians. There are references to carriages, cellars and lanterns throughout the story so this will give you an image of the kind of atmosphere to expect. The way London is described it will probably strike people as it being old fashioned if you compare it from then and now when read. The value of money was different from then and now. In The Red-Headed League i 4 a week is seemed to be an awful lot, because most people in those days would maybe make that in a month or two. The story shows conflict between rich and poor people. The Blue Carbuncle is set in a few places around London, and has references to old buildings and carriages when Holmes and Watson are in the search of the goose. The background for all these stories reflects London of a hundred years ago. This was when forty percent of the population were servants. The police as you would notice belonged to lower social class and were poorly thought of at the time because of the inefficiency and corruption. Another feature in contrast to today is that the trains always seem to run on time, carriages are always there when needed and Holmes and Watson are never delayed by the traffic. The structures between all three stories do not seem to be all that different. All three stories have unusual and strange titles (The Speckled Band, The Red-Headed League, and The Blue Carbuncle) that intrigue the reader. The title gives you an idea to what the story will be about. They all have exciting openings, because they all start at 221B Baker Street with Holmes sitting down talking to a strange and mysterious person with Watson interrupting for the case to be retold and explained to us readers. When a new a new character is introduced it grabs the readers attention wanting to find out more so they keep on reading. In the beginnings of all three stories whenever Holmes is interrupted by Watson the new character will explain the case again so that Holmes will start to observe the person and make mental notes about him/her. Holmes is able to find clues just from the person and the clues are used to build up tension so that Holmes can make deductions. There are often flashbacks from the new character to give a history of them that will obviously be linked to the mystery. The dramatic ending for The Speckled Band was danger but justice was done as the villain had got what was coming to him. In The Red-Headed League the dramatic ending was that justice was done as the criminals were arrested and the dramatic ending for The Blue Carbuncle was not danger and nor was it justice done because the character had owned up to his mistake and said he had punishment enough. The points in short story structure (how the writer puts the text together) are as follows: Paragraph structure which is how the meaning is revealed from sentence, book structure which might affect the reader if the book is split into chapters, with language of implications and what is left unsaid, through the narrator which is how the story is told and with imagery which is how the emotions and scenes are built up. The language which is used for all three stories is quite old fashioned. The words and sentences seem confusing as they are not what we use today. For example instead of Holmes said like we would say now it is said he. The language is very different but understandable. The stories use old fashion words like: dog cart, would fain, forceps, whimsical, commissionaire, billycock, labyrinth, unimpeachable, deduce, inferences, foresight etc. The stories all give detailed descriptions for unusual objects, new strange characters and peculiar places by using similes and metaphors. Holmes and Watson both in the three stories use many similes and metaphors to give us descriptions of things. The dialogue is shown by Watson as he asks all the questions the reader wants to ask, and when Holmes impatiently explains what to him is obvious, Watson is acting on our behalf. The story gets retold just for us with more detailed language and more explanations.

The Study Of Solubility Equilibrium

The Study Of Solubility Equilibrium The first part of this experiment aims to determine the solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water, and thereby determine how the enthalpy and entropy change of the dissolution reaction, according to the equilibrium KHC4H4O6 (s) Ġº K+ (aq) + HC4H4O6- (aq) (1), changes with temperature. The second part of this experiment aims to examine the common ion effect through determination of the Ksp of KHC4H4O6 in potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution for varying K+ concentrations. Results I. Titrating 25.0cm3 of KHC4H4O6 solution with 0.07415M NaOH solution with phenolphthalein indicator gave the following results To determine Ksp at 302.15K: Amount of NaOH used = Average volume of NaOH used 0.07415M = 13.35 10-3 0.07415 = 9.899 10-4 mol = Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted Total volume of the solution = Average volume of NaOH used + 25.0 cm3 of HC4H4O6- solution = 13.35 + 25.0 = 38.35 cm3 Since [K+] = [HC4H4O6-], Ksp = [K+][HC4H4O6-] = [HC4H4O6-]2 = 0.25812 = 6.662-10-4 Table 1: Solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate at various temperatures Temperature / K Average VNaOH used / cm3 Amount of NaOH used / mol Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted / mol [HC4H4O6-] / mol dm-3 Solubility of HC4H4O6-/ mol dm-3 Ksp ln Ksp 1/T / K-1 282.5 6.65 0.0004931 0.004931 0.01558 0.01558 0.0002427 -8.324 0.003540 292 9.25 0.0006869 0.006869 0.02003 0.02003 0.0004010 -7.821 0.003425 302 13.35 0.0009899 0.009899 0.02581 0.02581 0.0006663 -7.314 0.003311 311.5 18.35 0.001361 0.01361 0.03139 0.03139 0.0009852 -6.923 0.003210 322.5 26.65 0.001976 0.01976 0.03826 0.03826 0.001464 -6.527 0.003101 Given that ΔG °reaction = ΔH °reaction TΔS °reaction - (2) and ΔG °reaction = RT ln K - (3), combining the two equations and rearranging gives us the linear function: - (4) Using the data obtained in this experiment to plot this linear function gives Graph 1 shown below: Graph 1: Linear curve of ln Ksp against 1/T Equation of line -ln Ksp = 4113(1/T) + 6.264 =- 4113 ΔH °reaction =- (- 4113 8.314) =+34 195 J mol-1 (4s.f.) =+34.195 kJ mol-1 Uncertainty (standard deviation) =  ± 105.3 8.314 =  ± 875.5 ΔH °reaction = + 34 195  ± 875.5 J mol-1 =6.264 ΔS °reaction =6.264 8.314 =+52.08 J K-1 mol-1 (4s.f.) Uncertainty (standard deviation) = ± 0.3497 8.314 =  ± 2.907 ΔS °reaction = + 52.08  ± 2.907 J K-1 mol-1 ΔG °reaction = [+ 34 195 T (+ 52.08)] J mol-1 Solubility of HC4H4O6- and Ksp increases with increasing temperature, and a positive ΔH °r value shows that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is an endothermic process. Since the magnitude of ΔS °r is smaller than that of ΔH °r, ΔG °r is always positive in the temperature range of 282.5K to 322.5K, as carried out in this experiment. This indicates that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is always non-spontaneous for this temperature range, and hence KHC4H4O6 is a sparingly soluble salt. II. Titration of KHC4H4O6 in KNO3 solutions of different concentrations with 0.07413M NaOH solution with phenolphthalein indicator at room temperature to observe the common ion effect gave the following results To determine the Ksp and solubility of HC4H4O6- at room temperature when [KNO3] = 0.01M: Amount of K+ from KNO3 = 0.01 70 10-3 = 7.00-10-4 mol Amount of NaOH used = 11.45 10-3 0.07413 = 8.508 10-4 mol = Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted Total amount of K+ = (7.00-10-4) + (8.508 10-4) = 1.55 10-3 mol Total volume = 25.0 + 11.45 = 36.45 cm3 [K+]total = Ksp = Table 2: Solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate at various potassium nitrate concentrations T / K [KNO3] / M Average volume of NaOH used / cm3 Amount of NaOH / mol Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted / mol Total amount of K+ / mol [K+]total / mol dm-3 Solubility of HC4H4O6- / mol dm-3 Ksp 301 0.01 11.45 0.0008509 0.0008509 0.001551 0.04255 0.02334 0.0009932 301 0.02 10.35 0.0007691 0.0007691 0.002169 0.06136 0.02176 0.001335 302 0.03 9.50 0.0007059 0.0007059 0.002806 0.08133 0.02046 0.001664 302 0.04 8.60 0.0006391 0.0006391 0.003439 0.1024 0.01902 0.001947 Graph 2: Graph of solubility of KHC4H4O6 (M) against [K+]total (M) The data obtained in this part of the experiment shows that solubility of HC4H4O6- decreases with increasing total K+ concentration for a given temperature (302K). This is due to the common ion effect the presence of the common ion K+ suppresses the dissociation of KHC4H4O6 according to (1), since K+ concentration is greater than the equilibrium KHC4H4O6 concentration. The greater the K+ concentration, the lesser the extent of dissociation of KHC4H4O6, and hence the less soluble HC4H4O6- is in water. Discussion The solubility of a substance is the amount of the substance dissolved in 1 L of its saturated solution for a given temperature. Ksp on the other hand, is the product of the ion concentrations raised to their respective powers on the dissolution equilibrium equation, and is constant for a given temperature. Since the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is an endothermic process, when temperature increases, the forward reaction is favoured to absorb the excess heat. This causes Ksp values to increase with increasing temperature, as observed, since concentration of products, i.e. [K+] and [HC4H4O6-], increases. The heat absorbed is used to overcome solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions, such that solute-solvent interactions can form during the dissolution process. Also, as a solid dissolves, entropy of the system is increased, since the greater number of liquid particles increases disorderliness. Hence as temperature increases, ΔG °r will be increasingly negative, indicating that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 gets increasingly spontaneous as temperature increases. In this experiment, ΔH °r and ΔS °r are assumed to be insignificantly dependent on temperature. ΔrH(T2) = ΔrH(T1) + (T2-T1) ΔrCp - (5) (Atkins, 2006) From Kirchhoffs law (5), ΔrH is dependent on temperature, assuming that constant-pressure heat capacities (Cp) is independent of temperature. For the above assumption to hold true, ΔrCp should be insignificant, i.e. (Cp) of the products and reactants should have approximately equal values. Since Cp is affected by how much of a substance there is in the solution the greater the number of particles, the greater the amount of heat energy needed to raise the overall temperature of the solution by 1K and the KHC4H4O6 solution used in titration is saturated, the amount of substance in the solution can be approximated to be the same. Thus, Cp of the products and reactants can be approximated to be the same, and hence ΔrCp is minimum. Similarly, since ΔS °r is dependent on Cp as well, we can assume it to be insignificantly dependent on temperature as well. For the above argument to hold true, the KHC4H4O6 solution used in titration must be saturated, and steps to ensure this should be taken one, continual swirling of the solution before filtration to ensure all solid has been dissolved; two, maintaining supposed temperature of the solution immediately before filtering, since the saturated solution is filtered in small portions; three, apparatus used to contain the filtrate must be dry such that the saturated solution is not diluted by the presence of any water. General titration techniques were also employed, such as rinsing apparatus with the solutions that they are to contain to ensure no contamination and accurate concentrations, as well as keeping the amount of phenolphthalein indicator, a weak acid, to a minimum, to prevent the lowering of the pH of the solution, which results in more than the required amount of NaOH needed to react with the saturated KHC4H4O6 solution. For Section 1 of this experiment, comparing experimental and literature Ksp values gives the following At approximately 302K: Literature value of solubility of KHC4H4O6 in water = 7.3693 103 kgsalt/kgwater (Lopes, 2001) Literature Ksp value = [(7.3693 103 gsalt/mlwater) à · (188.1772 g mol-1)]2 = (39.161 10-3 mol L-1)2 = 1.534 10-3 Experimental Ksp value (Section 1) = 6.663 10-4 Mean Ksp value (Section 2) = 1.485 10-3 The literature Ksp value in Section 1 of this experiment was 2.302 times higher than that of the experimental Ksp value at 302K. Besides, since Ksp is only dependent on temperature, Ksp values at the same temperature should be constant and independent of concentrations. The mean Ksp value obtained in the Section 2 of this experiment, however, was 2.229 times greater than that obtained in Section 1 of this experiment, though it only had a 3.300% difference from the literature Ksp value. The abnormally low Ksp value obtained in Section 1 of this experiment indicates less than expected K+ and HC4H4O6- concentrations in the solution, and can stem from either the effect of a deviation from temperature, or from the solution being unsaturated. However, the data obtained in this experiment showed an accurate trend expected of Ksp values for increasing temperature, hence eliminating temperature deviation as a possible source of error. Furthermore, this trend also reflects expected solubility trends, and is sufficient in demonstrating the aims of this experiment. Conclusion The aims of this experiment have been met, as shown by the increasing trend of Ksp values for increasing temperature, as well as the decreasing solubility of HC4H4O6- in water for increasing K+ concentration, due to the common ion effect. These combined prove that Ksp is only dependent on temperature, given that care has been taken to ensure a saturated solution when carrying out the experiment.

Truth about Sammy in John Updikes A&P Essay -- A&P Essays

The Truth about Sammy in A & P   Ã‚   At first glance, Sammy, the first-person narrator of John Updike's "A & P," would seem to present us with a simple and plausible explanation as to why he quits his job at the grocery store mentioned in the title: he is standing up for the girls that his boss, Lengel, has insulted. He even tries to sell us on this explanation by mentioning how the girls' embarrassment at the hands of the manager makes him feel "scrunchy" inside and by referring to himself as their "unsuspected hero" after he goes through with his "gesture." Upon closer examination, though, it does not seem plausible that Sammy would have quit in defense of girls whom he quite evidently despises, despite the lustful desires they invoke, and that more likely explanations of his action lie in his boredom with his menial job and his desire to rebel against his parents.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While it's true that Sammy finds the three scantily-clad girls who enter the supermarket attractive, as would any normal nineteen-year-old male, what is most notable about his descriptions of the girls, and particularly of the "leader" of the group, is that Sammy holds them in contempt. Once we get beyond the descriptions of their bodies, we see nothing but derogatory comments directed at them, including the derisive nicknames that Sammy assigns to them. Nowhere is this more evident than in Sammy's description of the leader, "Queenie." The nickname assigned to her by Sammy points out the stereotypical snap judgment that Sammy makes about her personality and social status initially, and to which Sammy rigidly adheres despite no real evidence of its accuracy. From the description of her "prima donna" legs, to his imagining of ... ...gel's suggestion that he relent and keep his job, Sammy is actually saying "no" to his parents and their attempt to put him on the road to middle-class respectability.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the final analysis, it would seem that the most obvious explanation for why Sammy quits his job--the one that he implies--is actually the least plausible. While Sammy would like to portray himself as the fearless defender of the delicate sensibilities of innocent girls, the reality is that Sammy's motives in quitting have far more to do with his own sensibilities than with those of the three girls. Work Cited       Updike, John. "A & P." The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 2nd Edition. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: St. Martin's Press, 1990. 407-411. Wells, Walter. "John Updike's 'A & P'" Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 30, (1993) : Spring, pp. 127(7).   

Lead :: essays research papers

Lead is a lustrous, silvery metal that tarnishes in the presence of air and becomes a dull bluish gray. Soft and flexible, it has a low melting point (327 Â °C). Its chemical symbol, Pb, is from plumbum, the Latin word for waterworks, because of lead's extensive use in ancient water pipes. Itsatomic number is 82; its atomic weight is 207.19. Lead and lead compounds can be highly toxic when eaten or inhaled. Although lead is absorbed very slowly into the body, its rate of excretion is even slower. Thus, with constant exposure, lead accumulates gradually in the body. It is absorbed by the red blood cells and circulated through the body where it becomes concentrated in the soft tissues, especially the liver and kidneys. Lead can cause damage in the central nervous system and apparently can damage the cells making up the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from many harmful chemicals. Symptoms of lead poisoning include loss of appetite, weakness, anemia, vomiting, and convulsions, sometimes leading to permanent brain damage or death. Children who ingest chips of old, lead-containing paint or are exposed to dust from the deterioration of such paint may exhibit symptoms. Levels of environmental lead considered nontoxic may also be involved in increased hypertension in a significant number of persons, according to studies released in the mid-1980s. As a result, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control in recent years have been revising downward the levels of environmental lead that it would consider safe. At one time, lead poisoning was common among those who worked with lead, but such workplace hazards have been largely curtailed. Lead has been used by humans since ancient times. It was used in ancient Egypt in coins, weights, ornaments, utensils, ceramic glazes, and solder. Lead is mentioned in the Old Testament. The Romans conveyed drinking water in lead pipes, some of which are still in operation. Roman slaves extracted and prepared the lead, describes a disease among the slaves that was clearly lead poisoning. Because of their potential toxicity, lead water pipes are no longer being installed. The greatest single use of lead metal today is in the plates of storage batteries for automobiles. The protective oxidation layer formed by lead in contact with such substances as air, sulfuric acid, and fluorine makes it highly resistant to corrosion. For this reason, lead has been used to make drainage pipes and lead chambers in sulfuric acid factories. It is also used as a roofing material. The softness and malleability of lead make it useful for sheathing telephone and television cables. Lead is used in solder because of its low melting point. When combined with tin, lead forms solder

The Saving Grace of Madness Essays -- Character Analysis, Ophelia, Lae

Hamlet’s Ophelia tragically falls victim to the prevailing and unquestioned female stereotypes of her day. Trapping her within the type of the chaste and dutiful woman, Polonius strips Ophelia of her individual identity and silences her voice. He reduces her to a mere pawn, whoring her out to serve his own selfish agendas. It is only in madness that Ophelia is offered an unexpected respite from this puppetry, one that even the finality of death is unable to offer. When the reader first encounters Ophelia within Hamlet, she is speaking with Laertes, her brother, and Polonius, her father. From these interactions, Ophelia appears to be the true embodiment of what a woman was expected to be. She listens respectfully to her brother and father, speaking only twenty-one lines as opposed to their combined one hundred and twenty. She dutifully responds to their advice: â€Å"I shall the effect of this good lesson keep† (1.3 l.49) and â€Å"I shall obey, my lord† (1.4 l. 145). Yet aside from this expected and somewhat boring picture, the reader learns little of Ophelia. In response to the play’s call to â€Å"Stand and unfold yourself† (1.1 l.2), Ophelia appears to have nothing to say. However, while Polonius is satisfied with this one-dimensional and limited picture of his daughter, the reader should not be. According to the early 17th century context of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, â€Å"chastity was the quality most frequently praised in women† as it directly influenced and determined male honor. Thus, Polonius’ command to Ophelia that she â€Å"not slander any moment leisure as to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet† (1.4 142-143) cannot be read simply as the words of a loving father concerned with the fragility of his daughter’s heart. Rather, it must be r... ...ng more than the goaded words of boy eager to prove his manhood. King Claudius’ response is no better, using Laerte’s grief over Ophelia’s death to motivate his revenge: â€Å"Strengthen your patience in our last night’s speech†¦We’ll put the matter to the present push. This grave shall have a living monument†¦Til then in patience our proceeding be† (5.1 ll. 313-314;317; 319). Thus, once again Ophelia emerges as the scapegoat – her death guilty of motivating the deaths of Hamlet, Laertes, Gertrude, and Claudius. While Hamlet indeed comes to a tragic close, it is an ending dominated by men. Fortinbras arrives on the scene in all his manliness, commanding that Hamlet be born â€Å"like a soldier to the stage,† restored to his prior, sane identity. Ophelia however, goes unmentioned, faded from the memory of Denmark, her â€Å"monument† never constructed as King Claudius promised.

Individual autonomy and social structure Essay

In â€Å"Individual Autonomy and Social Structure†, Dorothy Lee discusses how in today’s society, it is â€Å"difficult to implement human dignity in the everyday details of living.† (pg.5, Lee) However, Lee discusses how by analysing different cultures and how they deal with similar situations, it is possible to come up with a solution for this society. The key social problem Lee addresses is the conflict between personal autonomy and the social structure. Personal autonomy is the ability one person has to determine their own actions and path. However, in the American social structure that Lee describes, American society believes that â€Å"the implication of personal autonomy may lead to lawlessness and chaos† (Lee). This would disrupt the Western social structure that is already in place, however, Lee points to many examples in the text, one of them being the Wintu Indians that show that structure makes autonomy possible and groups of autonomy make social structure. Lee refers to the Wintu Indians language, specifically the way the Wintu Indians speak to each other and refer to each other. In her research, Lee notices that the Wintu Indians way of referring to family members does not put them at a higher or lower level, but rather an equal level, which signifies respect. For example, if someone has a sister, they would not say â€Å"I have a sister†, instead, they would say â€Å"I am sistered†. Lee also notes that this respect is shown towards everyone. The Wintu Indians do not â€Å"permit† each other to do things, rather, when a child asks â€Å"Can I?†, they are not asking permission, but they are asking if it is a good idea. The way the Wintu Indians speak to each other shows that they are all in fact on the same level with each other. No one is above another – there is no hierarchy. The way they speak also shows that each individual is given the same respect, a child and an adult, a father and son, even a member of the village and the chief, are all respected the same. This is important as respect for a personal individual is the key for harmonization. In this chapter, Lee has shown that â€Å"law and limits and personal autonomy can coexist effectively† (Lee) by drawing examples from other cultures and their social structure. The key solution Lee

Hopkins Winhover Analysis

Who is God? Gerard Hopkins spent his life finding the answer through his poetry and exploring the nature around him. In Gerard Hopkins' poem â€Å"The Windhover† there is a representational allusion to Christ and Jesus. The speaker praises the Lord by praising what he takes as a symbol for Christ. Throughout the poem the speaker symbolizes Christ's glory by the way the falcon reacts to the air, how it maneuvers and even characteristic traits of the falcon species. The poem uses alliteration, internal rhyming, compound metaphors, elliptical grammar and complex threads of connotation. One could only appreciate the glory of the Lord more after interpreting the poem. The poem is almost impossible to understand without good background knowledge about Hopkins’s ideas and his odd words. There are many words of the Anglo-Saxon origin like rung (past tense of ‘ring’), minion, dauphin, and chevalier. There are also unusual combinations like â€Å"dapple-dawn-drawn†, which is an image of the bird. The last stanza is particularly complex because of the associatively linked words related to Christ and his sacrifice. Finally, the grammar is also odd; actually the poem does not follow any traditional grammar and structure. In short, the poem can be discussed as a sonnet because it has some of the features of the typical sonnet, but it must be called a modified sonnet adapted to a different kind of subject, word-game and music. The poem is therefore the thanksgiving to Christ. It is a hymn that is romantic in form but religious in theme. When the poet sees the beautiful bird, he is reminded of Christ and becomes thankful and appreciative of him. The poem’s theme is therefore related to the poet’s praise of Christ rather than being about the bird. Hopkins has mixed his romantic fascination with the nature and his religious favor of gratitude towards God for giving us a beautiful nature. The beauty of nature is illustrated by his attention that is suddenly drawn by the scene of a bird flying in the sky. He describes a bird which he saw flying in the sky that morning. Like in a romantic poem, he remembers the experience to express his feelings. That morning, the speaker had been out at dawn. From the excited description in the poem, we can infer that the speaker was probably in the field. This admirer of Christ brings the image of Christ’s wounds, pain and sacrifice. This suggests that he always remembers and becomes thankful to Christ. The poem is subtitled â€Å"To Christ our Lord† because the falcon reminds him of Christ. The speaker continuously hails one of God's most stunning creatures, the falcon. He is flabbergasted at the magnificence of the windhover's flight. He wonders at its colorful feathers and the sheer speed of its flight. His tone suggests that he is in awe. He is observing something equivalent to the second coming of Jesus or angels walking among regular men. He throws out a barrage of visual imagery to describe the windhover and still does not seem to come close to its real magnificence. He wonders how such a creature could exist but is eventually just filled with glee in knowing the fact that it does exist. In the first stanza the speaker states that he spotted the morning's minion as if to suggest that the falcon was somehow less important to the morning. He suggests that there is some sort of royal hierarchy by using words that recall images of sovereignty. He describes the different tricks of the bird’s flight. The second stanza takes a different stance on things. The windhover is out maneuvering when it smoothly and suddenly dives. The speaker is scared for the birds' safety but is pleasantly surprised when the bird is lifted by a huge wind. One can say that in times of foolish pleasure he can fall but Christ will always be there to lift him back up. Christ is the cushion needed for even a temporary fall from grace. Stanza three uses a stream of descriptive words to denote the dignity of such a creature. In the animal kingdom it would be considered king of the roost. The speaker calls the windhover a chevalier meaning knight or in other words a savior. Christ is also considered a savior. The speaker compares the bird and Christ with the hard work of the plow that creates a channel and displays the wet soil underneath and burned embers that shine red-gold when split open and burn with fire. That is directly omparable to the assumption that the speaker was living a dark life until the Lord stirred up his liveliness, split open his dark shell and helped him to shine with a new vigor for life. Christ could be seen in nature in the windhover's existence. He is symbolized in all the actions of the falcon and also represented in its characteristics. The speaker praises the Lord by his amazed praise and represented in its characteristics . The speaker praises the Lord by his amazed praise and appreciation. Christ does exists in even the smaller details in life and all we have to do is observe them periodically to know that Christ lives on.

The Act of Manipulation Is to Control or Influence Someone

The act of manipulation is to control or influence someone or a situation. Throughout all of history there are many examples of manipulation enacted by a person in higher position. George Orwell captures the act of government manipulation in his literary work Nineteen Eighty-Four. The predominant type of manipulation in Nineteen Eighty-Four is psychological. The government uses brainwashing, fear of thought, and fear of the party to control the psychological state of society. George Orwell demonstrated the technique of brainwashing demonstrated throughout the whole novel.George Orwell introduces the reader to the idea of brainwashing when ‘Two Minutes of Hate,† a daily two-minute period is aired on large telescreens throughout the city and in every home. â€Å"Two Minutes of Hate† a strategy for brainwashing used by the party, presents the party’s greatest enemy. A terrible sound accompanies Goldstein’s image in order to trigger people’s feelin gs of frustration, and therefore sight of Goldstein becomes implanted in the brain associating the two senses with a negative concept, therefore allowing the government to control societies psychological feelings.Another example of brainwashing is evident when the party forces Winston, the main character, to face his fear of rats. Rats are used to intensify Winston’s fear forcing him to a point of breaking his spirit of independence. Winston surrenders and lets go of all his personal emotion. George Orwell explains how the use of brainwashing by the government has allowed them to convince society that 2+2=5. Government can psychologically control society by brainwashing the people.

Social class and participation in further education

At the first portion of this appraisal I need to indicate out the most of import points discussed at the article â€Å" Social category and engagement in farther instruction: grounds from the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales † written by Ron Thompson. Before I carry on with my treatment, I have to squeal that this article had a great impact towards my personal thought refering the educational reform that is taking topographic point in Cyprus. I have found a batch of similarities refering our educational systems and its jobs with the one the writer is discoursing. At this paper, the writer examines the category distribution of immature people, aged 16-17 old ages, in colleges of farther instruction ( FE ) by utilizing informations from the Youth Cohort Study. He finds, contrary to popular perceptual experiences of FE colleges as being for ‘lower category people ‘s kids ‘ , middle-class pupils every bit good as propertyless pupils are good represented. In contrast, this does non connote that FE colleges are establishments of pick because middle-class representation is frequently related to take down accomplishment and, for low-achieving propertyless pupils, go forthing instruction wholly is more likely than entry to FE. In recent discourse on the instruction of immature people and grownups, and as Avis reference out, recounts how educational research from the 1980s, on the manner in which pupils ‘ experiences in instruction served to reproduce class-based orientations towards waged labor, came to be superseded by a place that, whilst supplying more complex histories of larning experiences, favoured procedures related to individualisation instead than the structural footing of category inequality. Furthermore, Avis calls for structural histories of societal inequality – including race and gender every bit good as category – to be placed one time more in the foreground, whilst retaining an consciousness of the complexness of educational and societal dealingss. ( Avis, 2006, p.344-345 ) Even though the writer efforts to highlight category in relation to educational patterned advance by concentrating on the engagement of 16-17 twelvemonth olds in farther instruction ( FE ) colleges in England and Wales, nevertheless these colleges are frequently conceptualized as mostly propertyless establishments, both historically and culturally, and as enduring from a marginalisation that belies the recent important additions in authorities disbursement on FE. As Richardson mentions the predominating attitudes to the sector that so far as those in Whitehall and the media are concerned, the cardinal but mute point about colleges of general FE in stratified England remains that they are tiring, difficult to understand and something best suited to ‘other people ‘s kids ‘ ( Richardson, 2007, p.411 ) . Not merely Richardson mentioned this but besides Raggatt and Williams ( 1999 ) are conveying similar points, observing a systemic disregard of FE that is class-based and related to images of FE as a 2nd pick establishment concerned with low-status vocational or reme dial classs. ( 455 ) UK authorities have topographic point a cardinal function refering the FE in the 21st century. The FE sector in England and Wales occupies an uneasy link of policies associating to societal inclusion and planetary fight. FE is holding a cardinal function in the creative activity of future high-skills, knowledge-based economic system and as lending to societal coherence, indirectly through wealth-creation stimulated by high accomplishments and straight by agencies of educational proviso aimed at deprived persons. However, these places have been questioned by many research workers, and the ‘competitiveness colony ‘ has acquired a hegemonic position within instruction and is responsible for much of the rhetoric permeating authorities policy. In pattern, FE is positioned within womb-to-tomb acquisition and as a supplier of academic and vocational classs whose common characteristic is their lower position compared with those offered by more esteemed establishments, such as universities, sixth-form colleges and school 6th signifiers. But as Bathmaker reference, many immature people, inscribing on a class in FE is a silent recognition of their lower position as pupils and of the fact that certain chances are closed to them, they ‘follow a peculiar path, non so much because they know what they want to make, but because they know what they can non make ‘ ( Bathmaker 2005, 86 ) . These pupils are improbable to reflect the authorities ‘s placement of FE within its rhetoric of ‘learning society ‘ . Indeed, their attitudes to larn may be seen as ‘reflecting non so much built-in capacities of single scholars, as a response to their placement in an instruction and preparation hierarchy. ( 252 ) Something that needs to be mentioned at this point is that the category distribution of immature people, aged 16-17 old ages, across the varied locations of post-16 instruction is examined. However, the great bulk are following full-time classs. For the higher societal categories, this is chiefly in schools and sixth-form colleges ; for the lower societal categories, attending at an FE college is non much less likely than attending at a school or sixth-form college combined. In old educational attainment is taken into history, the distribution of immature people in full-time instruction reveals that the category composing of FE is constructed as much from middle-class failure as from propertyless disadvantage. Working-class 16-17 twelvemonth olds in full-time instruction with five or more GCSE base on ballss at classs A*-C are twice every bit likely to go to an FE college as those from the highest societal category with the same scope of makings. At the same clip, 16-17 twelvemonth o lds from higher societal categories with fewer than five A*-C classs are more likely to be in FE colleges than similar propertyless pupils. ( 180 ) In decision, the societal composing of 16-17 twelvemonth olds in FE colleges in England and Wales derives from the interaction of two chief effects: the increasing likeliness of go toing such establishments with falling category place ; and an increasing engagement rate in post-compulsory instruction with go uping category place. These effects are strongly modified by old educational accomplishment, so that high-achieving working-class immature people are less likely to go to FE than their category place might bespeak, and low winners from the in-between category are more likely to happen themselves in a farther instruction college than might be expected. However, a important category consequence remains: in the higher class of attainment, working-class 16-17 twelvemonth olds are more likely to go to FE than equals from the in-between category, whilst in the lower class the contrary is true. Gender differences are besides mediated by category to some extent Furthermore, research that makes seeable middle-class immature people in the FE system alongside their working-class equals could assist to reply the inquiries raised.

General George Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General George Washington - Essay Example However, George Washington also had to face certain criticism regarding some of his military and diplomatic stand in his contemporary society. The limitations of his career are very rare if compared to the great actions and attempts achieved by this great man, who is very aptly and dearly revered as â€Å"Father of Our Country† by Americans. Washington’s career started taking prominence in the year of 1775, when the Continental Congress appointed Washington as commander-in-chief of the American Forces. In the consequent year, he was successful in throwing the British regime out of the Boston city and also captured the city of New York, thereby startling the enemy unit. Thereafter, he crossed the Delaware River in the city of New Jersey and completely bashing the enemy there, he established his expertise as a military commander. Several other incidents subsequently marked the development of his career in the succeeding years and George Washington proved his credibility to become the first President of America. Washington framed two strategies pertaining to the capture of the British Army by the Revolutionary Forces. The two prime combat forces from the British regime at Saratoga and Yorktown were captured by the Revolutionary Forces and this was only possible by the strategies framed by Washington. Washington also displayed his diplomatic expertise by successfully negotiating with the three important camps at the same time. He negotiated with the Congress, the colonial states and the French allies. He had the capacity to hold together an army that was weak and a nation that was fragile. This was not the end. He had to strike a balance between these two loose ends of a nation amidst the threats of complete disintegration and failure. In the year 1783 and by the end of that year, the war ended amicably and rumor spread that Washington has returned to his private life discarding the greed of power or position. At this incident, King

Can A Machine Know Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Can A Machine Know - Essay Example This misconception is a gross oversimplification of the seemingly limitless boundaries of the human mind. The potential of machines were thought to be able to eventually encompass â€Å"an inductive and creative mind, capable of taking initiative, to which human beings could confide all their problems and obtain instant solutions in return† (Ifrah, 1997: 1679). This misconception in the early days of the computer has carried over even to today. This discussion examines the functions of the computer brain along with the similarities and differences to the human brain in addition to the meaning of knowledge and the limitations of machines as compared to the human mind. Simply stated, computers are machines which effectively carry out algorithmic functions. The machine discerns formalized input through a sequence of fixed stages through a predetermined, straightforward set of rules of a standardized and exacting description. This allows computers to perform procedures in a precise number of steps. Mechanical computers, unlike the functions of the computer-like brain do not have the capability to determine right from wrong nor can they make judgments, have no feelings and cannot think on their own. It cannot be denied that some types of intelligence can be attributed to computers but this capacity is very limited when balanced against the boundless intricacies in a human’s brain. However, the computer is superior when considering its capability to process information at a higher speed. This has provided humans a useful tool for a myriad of endeavors. Nevertheless, computers cannot reason, imagine, invent, create, express thoughts, manage idea s, make judgments or possess the ability to adapt to differing situations and therefore cannot solve problems that are new to them. Unlike the human brain, computers aren’t conscious of their own being, have no concept of the world around them and cannot execute voluntary activities (Ifrah, 1997:

Evaluate the way in which 'Big Four' Tour Operators ( TUI, MyTravel, Essay

Evaluate the way in which 'Big Four' Tour Operators ( TUI, MyTravel, First Choice and Thomas Cook) have established a cartel within the package holiday market i - Essay Example In 2000, the ‘Big Four’ controlled over 75% of all outbound package tours. As the travel industry undergoes a change, the Big Four show that one size does not fit all (PWC, 2006). This paper evaluates the way they have established a cartel within the package holiday market in the UK but changing trends have revolutionized the industry. The UK is the fourth most important generating market for holidays, after US, Germany and Japan (Meyer, 2003). As the British prefer to use the services of a tour operator for long-haul destinations, this sector had increasingly become mainstream with British tour operators. The main trends in the industry are economies of scale and vertical integration. These strategies give the tour operators tremendous buying power and control over the supply and distribution of their products. Vertical integration means investment into other suppliers which gives them control over quality, availability, access and price, and the ability to reach consumers. Besides, it helps to limit competition. The regulatory authorities have been challenging how the Big Four exercise control at several stages in the distribution chain. The Big Four are all vertically integrated. This vertical integration takes the form of control, normally through ownership by a single group, of a tour operator, an airline and a retail travel agent (R&M, 1999). The travel agent Lunn Poly, owned by TUI, UK had 800 shops in 2000. Going Places is owned by MyTravel, Thomas Cook has 700 travel agents and First Choice owns 361 shops under the name of Travel Choice and related brands (Meyer). If a customer walked into a Travel Choice office he would not know that he was buying a First Choice package. To reduce such misunderstandings, the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC), ordered that the notice of ownership must be displayed outside the shop, in brochures, on official stationery and in advertisements. All the Big Four tour operators had some airline in

The ten most significant developments for the United States from 1945 Essay

The ten most significant developments for the United States from 1945 to the present - Essay Example On August 14, 1945, President Harry Truman announced that the war had ended. It was V-J day1. Truman, in addressing the crowds said "We face the greatest taskand it's going to take the help of all of you to do it." Celebrations across the country took place and people celebrated the sheer joy of knowing there was no more war. What they did not realize was that there were new tensions to be dealt with in our own country. We as a nation sat and wondered about the impact of atomic bombs in our world. Indeed President Truman, in his diary pondered "I hope for some form of peacebut I fear machines are ahead of mortals".While riding in an automobile procession in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963, he was shot to death by an assassin firing from an upper floor of a building. The alleged assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was killed two days later in the Dallas city jail by Jack Ruby, owner of a strip-tease club. At 46 years of age, Kennedy became the fourth president to be assassinated and the eighth to di e in office.On the early morning of June 17, 1972, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate, an office-hotel-apartment complex in Washington, D.C. In their possession were burglary tools, cameras and film, and three pen-size tear gas guns. At the scene of the crime, and in rooms the men rented at the Watergate, sophisticated electronic bugging equipment was found. President Nixon attempted to use his presidential powers to quash the investigation into the incident. He attempted to avoid subpoenas ordering him to turn over tapes of the incident. The Supreme Court ordered that it was illegal for the President to use his presidential powers to thwart an investigation 5. Mid 1980's - America Becomes Aware of AIDS3 "The dominant feature of this first period was silence, for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown and transmission was not accompanied by signs or symptoms salient enough to be noticed. While rare, sporadic case reports of AIDS and sero-archaeological studies have documented human infections with HIV prior to 1970, available data suggest that the current pandemic started in the mid- to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV had spread to at least five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Australia). During this period of silence, spread was unchecked by awareness or any preventive action and approximately 100,000-300,000 persons may have been infected." 6. Black Monday- the Stock Market Crash of 1987 The stock market crash of 1987 was the largest one day stock market crash in history. The Dow lost 22.6% of its value or $500 billion dollars on October 19th 1987. 7. 1992 - Riots in Los Angeles due to the Rodney King beating. Rodney King became a reluctant symbol of police brutality a decade ago when amateur photographer George Holliday provided evidence that was hard to ignore. The videotape Holliday shot showed several white Los Angeles police officers using their batons to beat King, who had led them on a car chase after they tried to stop him for speeding, was broadcast around the world. 8. Y2K - 1999 Y2K bug was a clicking time bomb for all major computer applications. The computer and system application companies came out with year 2000 compliant operating systems and system software. IT companies around the world spent billions of dollars to go through their entire application source code to look

Marketing Strategy for Coca-Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Strategy for Coca-Cola - Essay Example This means that a rethink of the strategies of yesteryears was the main focus so as to remain strong despite the competition. Discussion The major focus was on how consumers choose what to buy so that the company could use the information to customize the products so that they conform to the needs of these customers. There are a myriad of reasons that drive consumption that are going to be assessed in this paper. Marketers generally concede that the most difficult thing to analyze is what drives specific customers to make specific purchases (Thackston, 2005). There are two major reasons that drive these purchases. The first is for personal reasons whereas the second is mostly on external factors in the business market. Perhaps the greatest influence of consumer behavior is how the products are perceived. The perception filter is the conscious and subconscious view of the products drawn from the information sourced from a myriad of stimuli. The process of filtering perception is four- stepped. The first thing is exposure to the stimuli, followed by attention to the stimuli, third is the awareness of the stimuli and finally, there is the retention of the tenets of the stimuli (Christ, 2011). All the steps are generally pegged on how people learn as this is diverse. The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational company that has the services of the best marketers at its disposal. These marketers therefore know how to affect the perception of their brands in the eyes of the consumer. The use of advertisements is the major tool of influencing these perceptions although it is also very difficult since there is advertisement clutter in the media. Creativity is therefore of essence and the message must be captivating to arouse interest. Basically, the message of the advertisement must be precise so that it is not decoded negatively in people and also must be positively interpreted. The second factor affecting how consumers purchase products is their attitudes towards the prod ucts (Christ, 2011). This generally points to how people feel about the product as well as the company. For one to have an attitude there must be an element of conviction on the information possessed. Therefore, changing negative attitudes take a lot of effort. The company marketers must be focused on the contributors to the negative attitudes. This requires that the process be very involving so that negative sentiments are aired. In the same instance, it is fundamental that the Coca-Cola Company analyzes why some consumers have positive attitudes towards the competitor’s products so as to try and lure them by reflecting the strengths they see in those products. Thirdly, consumer purchases are influenced by the knowledge that they possess (Christ, 2011). This is the sum of all the experiences and information that consumers possess. Knowledge is also largely dependent on how the consumer perceives the world. The Coca-Cola Company has to use a large number of researches so as t o gauge what the consumers know about their products. When crafting campaigns to market their products, it is important to aim at correcting the wrong knowledge that may be possessed as well as educate consumers on the products. Other internal influences that the Coca-Cola Company should be aware of include the personalities of their customers, their lifestyles, their role in the society they live in and also what motivates them. All of these are important as they aid in

Report Analysis Quantitative Methods In B&M Statistics Project

Report Analysis Quantitative Methods In B&M - Statistics Project Example Thus, the countries or rather the observations are listed in a single column randomly; no alphabetical order is followed. Moreover, the four variables are listed in four different columns in order to link a country with its specific numeric variable. Thus, the outlay of the data makes it easy to read, analyze, interpret and even draw comparisons among the observations. From the summary above, GDP is the only variable which has no mode. Moreover, it has a positive skewness which implies that the data is evenly distributed. For the Inflation rate and employment rate variables, the data is negatively skewed. This implies the data is unevenly distributed. Finally, the Unemployment Rate variable has a positive skewness, with the median less than the mean. Thus, the data or rather the observations in this column are evenly distributed. From the above summary, the Gross Domestic Product is dependent on Inflation rate, Employment rate and Unemployment rate. Thus, the regression model that shows a relationship between the dependent and independent variables is as follows: Thus, inflation in a country alongside a high unemployment rate will definitely reduce the GDP. Moreover, placing all the variables at zero, the average GPD according to the model will be the Y- Intercept, for this case

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture Assignment

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture - Assignment Example Islamic â€Å"tolerance† had made living under the Muslims’ power more attractive choice than to live under the Christian one in North Europe. â€Å"Tolerance† meant that though Jews of Spain were considered as â€Å"a second-class†, they had some rights and servitudes. â€Å"Jews were allowed to live securely in their autonomous communities and to develop: they were not fossils† (Cohen 31). That kind of order comes from Qur’an where it’s told, that Jews like Christians were â€Å"People of the Book†, and as they worshiped one God, Muslims must stay tolerant to them while they obey some Muslim rules. For example, it was forbidden to build new houses of worship, and for a Jewish man to marry a Muslim woman; it was required to wear different cloth from Muslims and some positions (as in government or other authoritative positions) were forbidden to be held by Jews; and Jews ought to pay taxis etc. (Cohen 32). Most of the Jews had a ccepted these rules and their inequality and subordination in exchange of living without constant persecutions Jews in North Europe suffered. Other social positions and jobs were open to Jews under the Muslim power, like in marketplace and trades, or medicine; Jews were craftsmen etc. â€Å"Jews mixed freely with their Muslim counterparts, even forming partnerships† (Cohen 32-33). Frequently Jews even â€Å"served the government in official capacities† (Stefon 61). Mark R. Cohen says, the described type of relationships explains why Jews were so open to Arab-Islamic cultural influence (34). Another reason to communicate deeply with the Arabic culture was its connection to the great philosophical and science heritage of Greeks. Most of the texts were written in Arabian, so through the Arabic culture there was a way to a new knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, political theory, aesthetics etc. (Stefon 62). So Arabic style was associated with a good taste and Jews along with the Muslims â€Å"enjoyed a cultural

Boston Tea Party Essay Example for Free

Boston Tea Party Essay On December 16, 1773, a monumental event took place that was crucial to the growth of the American Revolution. This event was known as The Boston Tea Party, taking place in Boston, a city in the British colony of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Patriots were in immense disapproval on how parliament was trying to monopolize the market on American tea importation granted to the East India Company (Boston Tea Party). The East India Company was a failing British corporation. This Company was on the verge of bankruptcy. They had millions of pounds of unsold tea that sat in warehouses. The idea was to persuade English and colonial consumers to buy East India Company tea to save one of Britain’s largest corporations. In order to make this happen, British Parliament proposed the Tea Act of 1773. The Tea Act allowed the East India Company to sell through agents in America without paying the taxes normally collected in Britain, which allowed the company to undersell even smugglers in the colonies (David Goldfield). What drew major controversy with the Tea Act was that it retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies. The colonists objected to the Tea Act. They believed that this act violated their rights to â€Å"No taxation without representation,† which meant that they would only be taxed by their own elected representatives and not by the British Parliament that did not represent them. Regardless of what the colonists thought, consignees were selected in Boston, New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia, and then 500,000 pounds of tea were shipped across the Atlantic in September. The first tea ship, Dartmouth, reached Boston November 27, and two more were sent shortly after that. There were several meetings held demanding that the tea be sent back to England with the duty not paid for. Tension was rising when patriot groups tried to persuade the consignees and the governor to accept this approach. On December 16th, citizens, some disguised as Mohawk Indians, pushed toward Griffins Wharf and boarded the tea ships (Boston Tea Party). In a course of three hours they dumped three hundred and forty two chests of tea into the harbor, turning it into a teapot (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). The chests held more than 90,000 pounds of tea, which would cost nearly $1,000,000 dollars today (Boston Tea Party). There were certainly several participants and witnesses to the accounts of what occurred at the Boston Tea Party. Although all of the participants were taking part in the same event, their memories of their accounts do seem to differ. The first thing that I noticed was the number of participants. David Kinnison, the longest surviving participant from the Boston Tea Party, claims that there were only 24 men involved (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). His statement matches up well with Samuel Cooper, a participant that was just 16 at the time, who claims that there were around 20 men (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Then you have John Andrews, claiming that there were around 200 citizens dressed as Indians. Another thing that seems unclear is the way the ships were taken over (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). George Hewes, a Boston shoemaker and participant, states that they were divided into 3 groups, one for each ship. Joshua Wyeth, also a participant, who was only just 16, also states that they took to the three ships at the same time. On the other hand, the Massachusetts Gazette states that they worked their way from ship to ship, after emptying one ship they would move to the next. There are many differences in the accounts of what exactly happened at the Boston Tea Party, which I think helps decipher the truthful accounts from the fabricated ones (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Most of the witnesses that were actually a part of the Boston Tea Party had testimonies that were exceptionally similar. I believe the only thing that may have caused them to be slightly different would be the fact that it was a little over half a century later when they were trying to recollect the events. I also think that the participants swearing to secrecy had an impact on some of the misleading information, such as the discrepancy on the number of participants. Most of the participants had mentioned around 20 men being involved, when in fact the number was found to be a lot greater than that. The participants in the destruction did not even acknowledge each other even when boarding the ships, breaking open the chests and dumping the tea, so of course they are not going to be truthful about how many citizens were actually involved. I also believe that some of the information misinterpreted for fabrication might be due to the participant not writing their story themselves. George Hewes account of what happened was written by him, Joshua Wyeth’s account was recorded from his words, Samuel Cooper’s came directly from him also. All of these accounts seemed to be relatively similar; where as accounts that were retold by biographers may have changed along the way. Also, participants stories did not coincide on what time the event was actually over. John Andrews wrote that before nine o’clock every chest was destroyed, but Samuel Cooper’s account placed the end of the destruction at ten o’clock (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Considering that Samuel Cooper had a role in this momentous event, I would give him the benefit of the doubt as to telling the truth of when the event actually came to an end (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Another person who played an interesting role in the Boston Tea Party was Paul Revere. Revere felt strongly about the movement toward political independence from Great Britain. He was a very well rounded artisan and intellectual. Revere was a silversmith whose work brought him in close contact with patriots like John Hancock and Samuel Adams. He used his talents to support the colonial struggle against Britain. Revere soon assumed the role of a leader, along with Adams, of the Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty were a secret patriotic organization formed in 1765 to prevent the Stamp Act (Paul Revere). The Sons of Liberty also organized the Boston Tea Party. Revere was also one of the many patriots who dressed up as an Indian and took part in the Boston Tea Party Protest against parliamentary taxation without representation (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). After the Tea Party, Revere was sent by the citizens of Boston to deliver news of the party to the other colonists in New York and Philadelphia. When he returned, he was appointed one of 25 men by the citizens of Boston to stand guard over the tea bearing vessels, in order to prevent the overexcited townspeople from doing further damage to the ship (Facts on Paul Revere). I would say Paul Revere played a significant role in the Boston Tea Party; he played the part of a ringleader and was a very influential role model. The acts that he participated in would not be condoned by Britain. The Boston Tea Party ultimately captured the attention of Parliament and produced a furious reaction. A lot of people in America and also in Britain were surprised about the destruction of property in the Tea Party. Parliament decided that this epic event demanded an immediate display of power. In the spring of 1774, parliament passed a series of totalitarian measures to be known as the Coercive Acts. These acts included the Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea and uncollected duties. The Massachusetts Government Act, this act stated that members of the governors council and sheriffs would be appointed rather than elected and limited the number of town meetings that could be held without the governors prior approval. The Administration of Justice Act, which allowed any British soldier or official who was charged with a crime to be tried in England, where they would most likely receive a slap on the wrist. The Quartering Act of 1774 permitted the army to lodge soldiers in any civilian building if necessary. All of these acts were in response to the Boston Tea Party and attempts of Britain to gain royal control. Most colonists referred to these acts as the Intolerable Acts rather than the Coercive Acts, they viewed these acts as a threat to liberty in the colonies. The spirit of protest began to spread, more and more colonists became politicized. They began to realize their common interests as Americans and their differences from the British. America was starting to rebel, but had not yet launched a revolution (David Goldfield). Although, the acts they were taking were starting to have a major influence on America. The Boston Tea Party effected America in many ways. There were a lot of different factors and rebellious acts that eventually snowballed into war, but I would say the Boston Tea Party was the most significant. The passing of the Coercive Acts and parliaments refusal to revoke them led to a great deal of disgruntlement from the colonists. The Boston Tea party most definitely sparked the Revolution, which may have otherwise been delayed or never happened at all.

Growing Old in a New Age Faculty Guide Essay Example for Free

Growing Old in a New Age Faculty Guide Essay Physical you have to balances your body everyday, balances everything, life styles, but you have to keep balances nutrition a good diabeth, there are tools help you with arthritis, blood presser, diabeth, and sleeping pattern there way that can help us as we aging. 2) New information gained from watching the video? The most important it shows me is that is important keep a daily a role to a healthy life like going to doctor and truth to talk about the changes of aging that’s one way to keep healthy. Keep balances. 3) Any other comments you have regarding the video? Yes I have thank you I think its wonderful aging. Aida I. Rivera GRT110 introduction to the study of Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video reaction: 2) How our body age Functions, capacity senescence are as normal process understanding the aging process as normal as we aging in the terms as biological theories of aging is a process universal all members experience the phenomenon this are some of the changes first graying hair or sagging wrinkle skin stooped shoulders spot slow walking shuffling gait. The process decline losses must be gradual. The biological phenomena are different from aging distinguish disease to normal aging the wear and tear theory cellular aging occurs as cells slow replications, our body tissues are replaced and regenerated at different stages in life taking any where from weeks to years to complete the process our gins, I know our everything changes our vision, hearing, smell our patter of sleeping, immunological. Like they said in the video, we have to change as we aging . we have to a dot as we aging as long we understand why we live as long we live the better its get. ) New information gained from watching the video? That satisfaction that I can do something for the future aging and that we can do thing as, we aging that’s find with me, because I like to keep do. 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected your personal view of aging? That I can be a better elder went get there, it’s affected no, I love it, I would a friend at that age. 3) Any comments you have regarding the video? I personally would recommend the video very understands examined the entire important thing you need to know. Aida I. Rivera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study of Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 1) Myth s and realities of Aging 1) Aging is not how you look is how you feel about getting old makes the different, when you get old things change memoirs the way you think and look, some people that will critical you on how you that you show act you age, they will said negate things all is important what you feel and you look. Future aging is how you feel about yourself and your attitude of your and thru you. In the video they said they feel free and take decisions for themselves one said they act as you feel, you could keep doing, what you were doing before went if you are 90 well that different you will be surprise all you have accomplish knowing from where you are and what you have done or came its important to be positive before there was a pyramid, but there a trends the role as parent we play a important role good relationship with the family in very way and different, they feel very proud of their parent the impact baby boom have the demo policies went baby boom want re 75% women will live long than men as the population raisins as we look to the future aging not as a dieses, aging as a grand exist. 2) New information gained from watching the video? They show me that everything has different culture in aging. The Knowledge and the process of very stage and model role. And that religion ass not change thru aging is whites’ people and that knowledge will be there. 3) Any other comments you have regarding the video? I like the part where the daughter of 95 years is having a happy meal with her mom whose 125 years she was very proud, as we aging its get better. Aida Rivera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 4 Loves, Intimacy and Sexuality 1) Many changes occur in the body between the ages of 45 and 60 as 10 and 25. How changes in young peoples bodies an effect their behavior change that occur in older bodies. Most America seems obsessed with sex and love. The media over flow with sexual image and inurn does they focus exclusively on youth American popular culture the conclude that the young are preoccupied with love and sex the interest in these matters disappears when a person hits middle age some would look for sexual stereotypes would look at television and hardly see an older person involved in an erotic, deep loving relationship you see young people in their 20s and 30s if you look at television commercials reflect advertisers wanting to be aware of how reflect society’s attitudes you hardly see an older person in a television commercial in a erotic situation or loving situation all they do on television all is making coffee or worry about their dentures will fall out commercial it’s nonexistent image stereotypes sex is for young people. The exception the way when older people are show in humorous cast engaging in sex or in relationship of course the golden girl’s older woman brings sexually interested in somebody they may be inappropriate for older woman to still be sexual? All you have to do go to these card shop and they will tell you about your decline how to deal with it sympathy cards about your loss they being in your 30s older people laugh at that is still offensive to see that something that is important in life to find the source of stereotypes about greeting card contemporary some people don’t stop think our culture sex is for reproduction, the people that are preserved as appropriate for ex they’re people of childbearing and ears, people who are healthy, attractive these bring sexual, they are supposed to do sexually, lead to reproduction and negative attitudes in our society about adult masturbation because don’t lead to pregnancy lot people think sex is to connected with pre gnancy negative attitudes about lesbians and gay men because what they do couldn’t lead to reproduction look at our stereotypes, ideas and values about what is appropriate sex it boil down to having socially approved pregnancy and that does not include older people. The competing influences what’s appropriate and what’s not the facts remains that older adults are sexual brings what they do and how they do it is as divers the population itself sex is an ongoing thing as we grow older our sexual and reproductive systems change women and men experience these changes differently the female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the vagina a mature woman every month is ovulating will produce and egg if not fertilized will menstruate the ovary produces along with the egg hormones that are needed by the female body to reproductive structures in fertile situation and these are estrogen and progesterone when a woman ages the eggs within the ovary became resorted and the ovary stops producing estrogen to continue with the normal cycling normal processes an adult woman expects. She will stop menstruating when this condition persists more than a year the woman is termed menopausal the physiological change associated with menopause are affected by a woman’s estrogen levels very from woman to woman the primary source of estrogen is the ovary but women also produce estrogen from their adrenal glands there certain amount of variation individual to individual, the body as it decreases we find that the uterus became smaller, the vagina became drier, the tissues of the vagina became thinner, there change in the breast, some changes in the skin, there organ and tissues react to estrogen and the absence of estrogen changes that ensue estrogen replacement is prescribed by physician for menopausal women there are benefits and risks the benefit of taking estrogen replacement therapy is to control the hot flashes 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected your personal view of aging? 3) Any other comments you have regarding video? Aida I. Ri vera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study of Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 7 The social roles implication of that are as fellows is every important to begin with the recognition we’re in the middle of a demographic revolution and stated simply never before in history of our species have many individuals lived so long that’s the demographic background the social roles of implication of that are fellows most of human history we have had roles which are social positions that have rights and duties and expectations associated with them has a fairly clear definition of childhood roles and them of adult roles like parent and marriage partners and economic roles we haven’t had are retirement roles today’s aged are pioneers in time they are creating social roles for a large number of individuals first time in history been old in our soctily mean different things to different people, older people have much autonomy when you think about role of an older person as an attribute thinking is freedom and autonomy most people who are retired wh o launched their children where really don’t have to do anything with anybody they don’t want to do anything with they don’t have to be with people they want to be with nor occupy a role they don’t want to occupy there’s lots of choice operating there which means there won’t be specific roles you can point to and say this is what older people are doing . Friendships are important to older people and especially important for those with few family members, sometime older people take on surrogate family roles for their neighbors in senior housing or retirement communities relatively few people are still working at age 65 freed from the pressures of work they enjoy a wide range to leisure activities some are things they’ve always done other activities are new . As the older population grows accurate information about aging and older people, important increase researchers collect information about social roles through three basic methods observation, interviews and surveys in observational analysis researcher makes a detailed recording of a person’s behavior and interactions with others in an objective neutral manner Dr. Vern Benton give an example and here I’m thinking of the work of Jaber Gubrium at Florida state university he spent a year in a nursing home several years just writing down what was happened and he published his account in a book called living and dying in Murray manor all he did was watch the interaction of the patients in a terminal long-term care facility the interactions of the staff with each other, the staff with the patients, the doctor occasionally came in very occasionally and the administrator from that he come up with a astonishing variety of activities that reflected roles a second way together information interview people and to categorize their responses . Dr. Archly Learned the value of the interview method early in his career the first study that he does to look at the relationship between the job role and the self-concept what he was interested in was the effect of retirement on self-concept of careen women and he picked two different occupational categories school teacher and telephone operators these were the days when mostly women were telephone operators his gone through the traditional sociology literature found that everybody predicted that, you know when people retired this was the end of life as we know it you expected that people retired just dropped off the face of the earth he had all of negative hypotheses what he expected retirement to do to these women , he did he’s first practice interview on a 82-year-old school teacher at end first he said thank I appreciate your answers she said when will you ask about good stuff? He said â€Å"tell me about it† for the next hour and a half he sat there getting writer’s cramp listening to all the good stuff about retirement why it wasn’t a problem for her and her self-concept here cast the interview schedule and did another study looking for both positive and negative out comes that be great, if he done that survey in the mail or sent people to do the interviews or hadn’t done them myself he never would have found those positive effects because he was there to listen a third method for gathering information is the survey the rope and gall up polls are example of well-know national surveys collects data from a representative sample of a relatively large population information is gathered by questionnaire which can be mailed to participants or administered by telephone or personal interview surveys on social roles might ask these questions like are you employed? Are you a Grandparent? You have one or more hobbies? Compared the roles of older men and women suggests it holds a message for young men of today older females characteristically have more roles than 70 to 75 year old males the implication for that at least for college students college men should right now begin diversifying they should begin investing effort in variety of roles in 30 years, 40 years when they retire from a formal occupational role, they will not have to look around and say â€Å"now what do I do† that’s long term-planning understand the behavior of older people may be missing very important information they are always analyzing data collected from people they haven’t talk to the advise students who are doing that to find people who are like the folks who responded to that survey do the interview with them . They understand what they were facing, if they had problem with the question use multimethod they are tool effective looking at social roles, reseacher’s who study the roles and relationship. 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected your personal view of aging? I can wait to see what will happen. 3) Any comments you have regarding the video? Aida I. Rivera GRT11O Introduction to the Study Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 8 Families and Intergeneration Relation Changing values as parent or grandparents A popular assumption tends to abandon or distance themselves from older members of the family statistics don’t bear this out. Research shows that about ? f older adults live with or hear a family member, most of those who don’t have frequent phone contact or correspondence a look at the modern family structure shows that is getting more complex with a increase in four and five generation families. The fabric of older society is woven with many distinct and colorful threads approximately 5% of older people have non marry such as the case with Ethel Cooper, she never marry, but she doesn’t regard it, she not sorry. Social work against success marriage, Celestine Eggleston come from a broken home and her own marriage failed, leaving her as the single head of the household, coming from a background where there was not happy marriage long-lived marriage. What we’re exposed in these time not much about how marriage work, what was real. Our history in terms of the fact in early days in quotes-blacks weren’t allowed to marry, were not allowed to really in quotes have family in a traditional sense as a European family would suddenly to be some expectations that there was going to be this family with black male carrying out a particular role that person didn’t understand was bit much, on top that the economic expectation, one didn’t have the education, didn’t have the skills to continue to provide for that family net work was something that moved that black male outside of the family, when we talk about the older black woman bring the matriarch. The social situation there was no choice for her to be stabilizing factor in the family with great pride that one was able to keep that family together it also very sad that had to be, but as the children came and grew things began to change differences over child-raising causing marital tensions. Research tells us that marital distress increases the husbands on his wife, who used to have her realm-a private one now someone who is making demands on her time, she doesn’t enjoy it another body research say exactly the opposite after the initial adjustment period of having the husband home it’s a positive time their leisure time activities their political activities, their traveling time increases and very positive time of increased intimacy and warmth with one another we do need more research. However a person won’t necessarily go directly from being a contributing family member is a example to become completely dependent they talk about Pasqual Capone family said he a example for them, they love him every much, about some of roles older parents and grandparents player within the family as we seen a variety of helping patterns, whether is financial or emotional, support, a good deal of help commonly flows from older to the young generation. If older people became frail can they expect to receive the they need from their families or they became caregivers to their own parent, care giving a term used to refer to the support, financial, physical, emotional that families provide to an older family member especially, when this older family member is frail by frail is one is on longer able to be as completely independent as one would like too. Now when we talk about care given we’re looking at a combination or convergence of demographic and socio-economic term weâ €™re looking at the fact that their older people the fact that there are less children. Women are back to work in the past the majority of care given and care giving is an unpaid job, women who were in tradition sense of what wives were about husbands worked and wives stayed at home. Average age of care givens today’s is 57 or 58 the women grow up in different time than today, there been warning of this term with us last 20 years, but maybe we are not listening the fact that women will not be able to quit a job to take care of mom and dad, because women work for necessity for financial neglect that women are single parents and are divorced a job absolutely not luxury vice neglecting all of these trends so it should be a concern for everyone in our society who will pick up this job of caring for mom and dad. When we know that 80% of the frail are care for not by institutions if not by a family members, we mean women. What will happen to this huge source of free labor is not longer available this mean this is a conflict, if women are no longer able to do this someone has to and it will cost plenty to govement are to provide incentives to families to try to get them to continue to care for our elderly. 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected personal view of aging? There are program that take care them and day care and that every good for them too. And that marriage hard work, but is worth it. 3) Any other comments you have regarding the video? Yes I like video remember me of mi having fun with granddaughter. Aida I. Rivera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study of Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 10 Health status the presence or absence of disease, disability level of functioning in ability to complete multiple tasks ADL’S- Activities of Daily Living and IADL’S- Instrumental Activities Daily Living quality of life in health and illness ability to activities, daily living, satisfaction social interactions and function health adjust to there health to the aging process chronic and acute diseases, heart disease, cancer and strokes among older people this are common chronic disease. Older drivers are less likely to speed, bad weather, at night, freeway traffic, rush hour and while there drunk they don’t drive. The primary health promotion programs of older adults to reduce the incidence disabling chronic diseases, improving health program designed lifestyle, preferences and culture of older adults a relationship between personal health habits and well active aging Aida I. Rivera Title: Introduction to the Aging Calculating Your Real Age and Your Life Expectancy Calculator: living to 100 life Expectancy Calculator: The Real Age Test 1) What was your reaction to the real age test and the life expectancy age calculated for you? Well I think your age is how you feel if you feel good and young there’s nothing to say about. My calculation of age was 49. 9 went, I’m 50 years, I think I’m doing well. 2) Have you been thinking your age your health or how long you may live? About my age I don’t think much, but about my health I do think a lot with out health your time go faster there nothing better than a good health that, if I want to live long, if God lets me live to 100 years that be good. 3) How might you make changes in your age your life, if your real age is higher than your chronological age to extend your life span and improve the quality of your health? Well my age came good 49. 9, I’m 50 years, but still I have to make changes and improver in, how I eat healthier and exercise more like walk more than I do. 4) What your estimated life expectancy are influence you’re thinking about your career(s) and retirement? No it’s doesn’t change, I think, I’m doing well, I meaning the right thing keep a good health and a family that care for me too. 5) What are implications of your estimated longevity in term of your health and income needs? I hope to have a good health so I can have a income, because if I don’t have a health, I can work and I like to work keep myself. 6) Any other thoughts or feeling about your real age or estimated life expectancy that you want to share with me? Oh yes another test tell me that, I’m going to live 95 years since that good; I hope to keep the good work up. What can I said I feel good. Its good went they said you look young for your age it makes you feel so, so good inside and outside.